There are various pharmaceutical companies in Iran with high potential. Due to the lack of business with international markets for exports, Iranian pharmaceutical products are mostly traded in domestic markets. Despite numerous studies on pharmaceutical exports in the literature, the performance of Iran in pharmaceutical exports to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), remains yet to be evaluated. The novelty of the present work lies in filling this research gap and helping develop policies to expand pharmaceutical exports to Iran.

Background: Due to the imposition of an embargo, Iran adopted a policy of a parallel exchange rate. After three years, the advantages and disadvantages of this policy were revealed empirically. Therefore, the government decided to shift the subsidy to insurance instead of the exchange rate. However, as a result of this plan, the price of medicine rose sharply, and affordability decreased for some sections of society who were not covered by any insurance. This study evaluated the impact of this policy on the affordability of essential medicines listed by the WHO. Methods: The impact of this plan on the affordability of essential medicines was evaluated using the WHO recommended method. A cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the affordability of the national essential medicines list before and after the implementation of the subsidy shift from exchange rate to insurance. Results: Despite the benefits of this plan, 17 items in the essential medicine list became unaffordable. The affordability of essential medicines decreased, particularly for uninsured individuals. Conclusion: More efforts should be made to cover uninsured people to preserve their access to essential medicines. Although the shift from parallel exchange rate to insurance had several benefits, such as reducing corruption and reverse smuggling, it also decreased the affordability of essential medicines, particularly for uninsured individuals. Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing measures to ensure that essential medicines remain affordable and accessible to all members of society.

Background Biomedical drugs have been considered by many countries due to their important effect and high value. In the upstream documents, achieving a share of 3% of the global market of these drugs is set for 1404.The purpose of this study is to calculate the growth rate of biomedical products, their import rate and suggest strategies to reach the specified horizon. Materials and Methods This research consists of two parts, quantitative and qualitative, in which the exploratory approach and the theorizing and typology model have been used. In the "quantitative" section, according to the country's pharmaceutical statistics, the growth trend of production and import of biopharmaceuticals over the past decade was calculated. The next step was performed "qualitatively" using the data research method of the grounded theory. First, information about the country's biopharmaceutical market was collected through interviews with 25 experts in this field. Then the "key templates" became the appropriate model. Results The results of the present study in the qualitative section were the extraction more than 326 open codes which is presented in the form of a paradigm model. In the quantitative sector, Iran's global share was estimated at 0.5% to 0.7%, which is growing with an average numerical growth of 5.6% and 30% in Rial. The average global market growth was estimated at 8.2% per year. Conclusion Considering Iran's 0.5% share of the world market, with the continuation of the current trend, it is not possible to achieve the set horizon and to achieve this horizon, we need a leap in pharmaceutical biotechnology.

Background Hypertension is a chronic disease that cannot be cured and can only be controlled but requires long-term treatment, even for life. The variety of antihypertensive treatments makes it necessary to adjust the choice of treatment not only in terms of effectiveness, but also in terms of cost. Therefore, a pharmacoeconomic approach is needed, namely Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) to compare the effectiveness of therapy and costs of several alternative therapies used. Materials and Methods This research is observational using a descriptive research design through a pharmacoeconomic analysis approach, namely Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. The data collection technique was retrospective by accessing data from medical records of outpatient hypertension patients who met the inclusion criteria. Data taken for cost-effectiveness analysis are data on antihypertensive effectiveness and direct medical costs. Results The combination of two antihypertensive drugs Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) with an ACER value of IDR 2,996 is the most cost-effective compared to the other combination groups. Conclusion The combination of two antihypertensive drugs Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) with an ACER value of IDR 2,996 is the most cost-effective compared to the other combination groups.

The coronavirus has caused chaos in the lives of many people in our society, one of which is the disruption of our daily routines. For those with Alzheimer's disease or those who care for someone with Alzheimer's disease, the coronavirus has the potential to be lethal. The COVID-19 epidemic has wreaked havoc on people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. Corona virus illness, which is characterised by severe acute respiratory syndrome, has arisen as a substantial comorbidity. The immediate physical effects of Covid-19 have been widely investigated, but little is known regarding the long-term consequences. The authors investigate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and how it worsens COVID-19, as well as the mechanisms at work at all levels, from biological to social. COVID-19's impact on brain function and viral entry pathways into the brain, as well as the factors that lead to COVID-19-related cognitive impairment, were also examined. The researchers looked on the prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 in Alzheimer's patients, as well as the impact of the pandemic on uninfected dementia patients and Alzheimer's disease management