Introduction: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) effectively suppress acid secretion and play an essential role in peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease. There is a genuine concern about overutilizing PPIs, leading to significantly high costs and undesirable outcomes. An increase in the patient medication cost was associated with decreased adherence to prescription medication. Hence, this study assessed the cost variation of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) drugs. Methods: The cost of different brands of commonly used PPIs was sorted out by referring latest “Monthly Index of Medical Specialties” October – December 2021, and 1mg online pharmacy. The cost of 10 dosage forms (Tablets/capsules) in INR of each brand, Cost Ratio, and Percentage Cost Variation for individual drug brands was calculated in the case of an oral drug, and the cost of one vial or ampoule was noted in the case of injectable drug. At last, the cost ratio and percentage cost variation of various brands was compared. Results: The data analysis showed a significant variation in the costs of different brands of proton pump inhibitors available In the Indian market. Percentage variation in cost for oral preparations of proton pump inhibitors marketed in India was found to be tablet/capsule Rabeprazole 20mg (1540%), Omeprazole 20 mg(718.18%), Pantoprazole  40mg (504.16%), Esomeprazole 20mg (173.68%), Lansoprazole 15 mg (84.90 %), Omeprazole  40 mg (60.34%) and with injectable preparations IVR abeprazole 20mg (1090.90%), Omeprazole  40 mg  (347.36%), Esomeprazole 40mg (216.66%), Pantoprazole 20mg (164.44 %), Pantoprazole 40mg (51.16%). Conclusion: There is a wide variation in the prices of proton pump inhibitors available in the market. Regulatory authorities, pharma companies, and physicians should maximize their efforts to reduce the cost of drugsThe need to search for reliable process indicators for the effectiveness of anti-diabetic therapy has been expressed in the literature. Process indicators have been described as essential processes that contribute to achieving outcomes

Objective: The objective was to better understand the level of impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the research and development process in global life sciences companies.  The study was conducted with USA, Europe, and Turkey leaders. Methods: This study was conducted with twenty functional leaders of leading global life sciences companies thru an online survey. The study was carried out between 2020 and 2021. The results were analyzed by using the Statistical 25 package. Results: Research findings showed that there had been an impact on the research and development process of the life sciences companies, mainly the productivity and effectiveness. The primary issue was the lack of university collaborations. Although several therapeutic areas were somewhat impacted, cancer was mentioned as the most affected area due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Although the respondents indicated no change was done concerning research and development strategies due to the Covid-19 pandemic, most mentioned employing some new tools, such as remote patient monitoring. Additionally, the majority mentioned that their companies developed a crisis management plan. Conclusion: The Covid-19 pandemic offered some challenges and opportunities to some life sciences companies. While the major challenge was to continue performing phase III trials, the significant opportunity was to develop vaccines and medical treatments for Covid-19ies. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, pharmaceutical research and development, life sciences companies, 

Background: Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs) are highly effective contraceptives if used regularly and adequately, and they also have added non-contraceptive benefits. This gives way to their increasing use in recent years, which has led to the introduction of numerous brands of drugs with different costs in the Indian market. Hence the current study was conducted to analyze the cost ratio and cost variation of different brands of OCPs available in the Indian market and to compare the cost of branded and generic drugs. Materials and Methods: The cost of the drugs was obtained from the Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS) - 44th Year April – July 2022 and from the website https://www.mims.com/india/. The Cost Ratio (CR) and Percentage Cost Variation (CV) was calculated. The cost of generic drugs was obtained from the website http://janaushadhi.gov.in/SortingView.aspx. Results: 124 brands of various OCPs were available in the Indian market. Among all the regular OCPs available, the CR and CV were highest for Ormeloxifene 30mg at 10.19 and 919.4%, respectively, and they were lowest for Dienogest +Ethinylestradiol which comes under combined OCPs with the results of 1.007 and 0.73% respectively. The cost of all generic OCPs was lesser when compared with brand OCPs, and the difference in cost was maximum for Ulipristal. Conclusion: There is wide variation in the cost of Oral Contraceptive Pills available in the Indian market, and the cost of brand drugs is higher than their generic counterparts. Physicians have to be made aware of this price difference so that they can prescribe drugs that are more affordable to the patients to improve their adherence to the regimen.

Background: Oral anticancer drugs (OACDs) have been used since the 1950s and are expected to be linked with enhanced life quality which helps patients receive treatment at home. Although more convenient in use than intravenous or other infused drugs, the high costs of these OACDs have been proven controversial. Methods: The literature was searched systematically from PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus according to the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria included studies in the English language, evaluating Pharmacoeconomics, and evaluating cost-utility and cost-effectiveness related to OACDs. The information on the included studies was synthesized in the form of summary tables. Results: Thirteen studies were included for quantitative analysis, which evaluated the costs or cost-effectiveness of different OACDs used for various types of cancer. It was found that the average cost for the OACDs was $80979/year in attaining (quality-adjusted life per year) QALY across different countries. The costs of different OACDs were highly varied alone in the US. The included studies' results were highly varied, limiting the findings' interpretations. Conclusion: Various studies about cost-effectiveness persist insufficiently represented in the literature regarding OACDs, suggesting the requirement of more cost-effectiveness analysis shortly. The increased costs of these OACDs require careful evaluation of the cost-effectiveness studies.

Abstract Background:: Examining the results of the treatment of patients after discharge from the hospital is an important question in measuring the effectiveness of the treatment of COVID-19 for health systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the Quality of Life of cured patients with covid-19 using the well-known EQ-5D scale. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in known databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE from the beginning of January 2019 to the beginning of July 2022. After three stages of screening, studies related to the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors were included in the study. Results: Data were categorized and extracted based on the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D questionnaire. Finally, the analysis of the results of the studies indicated that the utility score was above 70% so, in more than half of them, the most complaint among the dimensions of the questionnaire was related to disruption in usual activities and self-care. Next, mobility and pain had the greatest impact on reducing the quality of life of recovered patients. The least complaints of the discharged patients were related to anxiety/depression. Conclusion: Considering that the symptoms of the disease are present in the cured patients, therefore, it is necessary to follow up these symptoms in order to prevent them from getting worse by simple and important actions. So, an organized follow-up structure in health centers is very important to improve the quality of life for the survivors of COVID-19.