Economic and Health Implications of Risk Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Background:  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a substantial global health and economic challenge, affecting millions of individuals and placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems. This review delves into the major risk factors contributing to CKD, with a focus on diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, age, gender, genetic factors, family history, socioeconomic status, chronic use of certain medications, high protein diet, auto-immune diseases, urinary tract obstruction, recurrent kidney infections, and some additional factors. Methods:   This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of these risk factors on both healthcare costs and patient out-of-pocket expenses, highlighting the direct and indirect financial burdens associated with CKD. Results:  It critically examines how these factors not only accelerate CKD progression but also compound the financial strain on patients. Diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, leads to kidney damage and necessitates extensive medical management, while hypertension exacerbates kidney deterioration through increased vascular pressure. Socioeconomic status further complicates CKD management, as lower income and limited access to healthcare services hinder effective treatment and exacerbate health disparities. Conclusion:  This article offers insights into potential interventions and policy measures designed to mitigate the economic impact on affected individuals, emphasizing the need for integrated strategies to address both the health and financial aspects of CKD.