Original Article

Explanation of the Opportunity Identification Model Based on Gender Restrictions Affecting Women's Entrepreneurial Identity

Case Study of Pharmaceutical Companies in Tehran

Abstract

Background: Stereotypical beliefs and gender biases play a limiting and discouraging role in the development of women's entrepreneurship, which can have a significant impact on women's willingness to become entrepreneurs. Methods: This research aims to identify and analyze the gender-based limitations affecting the entrepreneurial opportunities of female entrepreneurs using a mixed-methods approach. This research is applied in terms of its objective. In the qualitative phase, 14 experts were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was conducted through library studies and semi-structured interviews. In this section, the data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding, which resulted in the identification of 51 indicators and 12 components. The research questionnaire was designed based on these indicators. In the quantitative section, the statistical population was all female entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical companies under study, which totaled 425 people. Using Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method, 170 people were selected as the sample size. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 and validity using expert opinion. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and PLS3 Smart software. Results: Based on the research findings, 12 components of social, cultural, economic, educational, legal, behavioral, personality, individual, commercialization, knowledge enhancement, entrepreneurial awareness, and market recognition limitations were identified under the title of dimensions and components of gender-based limitations affecting women's entrepreneurial opportunities. The results also showed that social limitations (β=-0/578), cultural limitations (β=-0/429), economic limitations (β=-0/408), educational limitations (β=-0/346), legal limitations (β=-0/297), behavioral limitations (β=-0/215), personality limitations (β=-0/189), and individual limitations (β=-0/138) have a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurial opportunities.

Adam K, Asare-Yeboa IT, Quaye DM, Ampomah AO. A critical assessment of work and family life of female entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some fresh evidence from Ghana. J Small Bus Enterp Dev. 2018;25(3):405-427.

Al-Ghamri N. Challenges facing businesswomen and their negative impact on the performance of small businesses in the province of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. Int J Bus Manag. 2016;11(9):96-116.

Anandalakshmy A, Ashokkumar S. Problems and challenges of women entrepreneurs. Int J Res Anal Rev. 2018;5(3):6-14.

Anvari S, Atai M. Identifying the behavioural patterns of independent entrepreneurs in Iran. J Strateg Manag Res. 2020;26(77):127-148.

Arend RJ. Modelling social entrepreneurship: Consideration of the reacting forces. J Soc Enterp. 2020;32(3):1-9.

Bami X. Gratë Kosovare në biznes: Mundësi dhe barriera për gratë ndërmarrëse. Published April 17, 2019. Accessed November 2021.

Chao J, Beak W, Wonyoung. Identifying factors affecting the quality of teaching in basic science education: Physics, biological sciences, mathematics, and chemistry. Sustainability. 2019;11:3958. doi:10.3390/su11143958.

Dahl S, Bergstrand M, Perc K. The challenges of female entrepreneurs operating in the Middle East [bachelor’s thesis]. Jönköping University; 2020.

Fernandes P, Sanfilippo M. Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and some of the most successful women to follow. Business News Daily. Published June 11, 2020.

Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981;18(1):39-50.

Gashi R, Ahmeti HG, Baliu E. Challenges of women entrepreneurs in the developing economy. 2022;6(2):134-142.

Ghorbani Pir Ali Dehi F. Barriers to the development of women’s home-based businesses in rural areas (case study: Rezvanshahr County, Gilan Province). J Coast Geogr. 2020;3(1):5-26.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Special Report: Women Entrepreneurs. 2021.

Hemmat S, Qasemi V, Zenani M, Yazdkhasti B, Khawajeh Noori B. Substitute entrepreneurship: Understanding the meaning of the experience of women entrepreneurs in Shiraz from economic participation. Iran Soc Issues Strateg Res. 2021;10(2):54-23.

Hendratmi A, Agustina TS, Sukmaningrum PS, Widayanti MA. Livelihood strategies of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Heliyon. 2022;8(9):e08039. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08039

Huang Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Li P, Li K. Psychological cognition and women’s entrepreneurship: A country-based comparison using fsQCA. J Innov Knowl. 2022;7(3):1-12.

Kazemi A, Maghimi B. Examining the barriers to the development of women’s entrepreneurship in Iran using the hierarchical analysis process. Sci Res J Women Soc. 2018;9(2):249-274.

Kelly G, McAdam M. Scaffolding liminality: The lived experience of women entrepreneurs in digital spaces. Technovation. 2022;102537. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102537

Keshavarz S, Zivdar S. Evaluation of barriers to women’s entrepreneurial activities in Zahedan County. Innov Ecosyst. 2021;3(1):20-32.

Khashayari P, Heidari SA, Nematizadeh S. A scientific study on the factors affecting entrepreneurial opportunities from the perspective of top entrepreneurs in the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization. J Islam Art Stud. 2021;44(18):150-173.

Khosravi Z. Identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the emergence of women’s entrepreneurial opportunities (Case study: Tehran Municipality, District 3). Geography and Human Relations. 2022;4(4):71-88.

Marian H, Zuzana J, Zuzana K. Drivers of Women Entrepreneurship in Visegrad Countries: GEM Evidence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2016;220:124-133.

Mauchi F, Mutengezanwa M, Damiyano D. Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs: A case study of Mashonaland Central Province. International Journal of Development and Sustainability. 2016;3(3):466-480.

Mirvahedi SS, Taghraei MT, Sanjarian Z. Examining the factors affecting the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture. 2019;4(1):53-74.

Morris MH, Miyasaki NN, Watters CE, Coombes SM. The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management. 2006;44(2):221-244.

Niethammer N. Women, entrepreneurship and the opportunity to promote development and business. Carmen, the 2013 Brooking Blum Roundtable Policy Briefs: Enterprising Solutions: The Role of the Private Sector in Eradicating Global Poverty. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/topics/entrepreneurship/

Seyyed Abaszadeh MM, Amani J, Khezri Azar H, Pashi Q. Introduction to structural equation modelling using PLS and its application in behavioural sciences. Urmia: Urmia University Press; 2012.

Shaterian M, Nasrabadi Z, Mansourian F. Analysis of barriers to rural women’s entrepreneurship in Kashan County. Journal of Space Economy and Rural Development. 2017;21(61):1-12.

Files
IssueVol 10 No 2 (2024) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/jppm.v10i2.16832
Keywords
Gender-based limitations entrepreneurial opportunities women
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Ashak F, Talebi K. Explanation of the Opportunity Identification Model Based on Gender Restrictions Affecting Women’s Entrepreneurial Identity. JPPM. 2024;10(2):13-26.